Broadening Color Shade Range of <i>Rubia tinctorum</i> L. Natural Colorants on Wool Fibers via Combination of Metal Mordants: Color Characteristics and Fastness Studies

This study aims to extend color shade range of Rubia tinctorum L. (Dyer’s madder) natural dye on wool textiles via binary combination Al, Sn, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn mordants. Wool yarns were premordanted, dyed with 75.0%owf madder dye, and characterized for their strength, colorimetric parameters, fastness. Nature single metal cations substantially affected shades, fastness properties due different interactions mordants, polymer chains. resulted in the development novel shades having lightness, enhanced properties. Combination mordants had a synergistic effect uptake which strength values. Moreover, aid colors some legally restricted like chromium can be reproduced is important from ecological viewpoint. Binary mordanted samples exhibited superior Results represent that this viable method gamut satisfactory lessen hazards associated use toxic